The compaction of loose combustible material for fuel making purposes was a technique used by most civilisations in the past, though the methods used were no more than simple bundling, baling or drying.
Industrial methods of briquetting date back to the second part of the 19th century. In 1865, a report was made on a machine used for making fuel briquettes from peat which is a recognisable predecessor of current machines. Since then there has been widespread use of briquettes made from brown coal, peat and coal fines. There are various processes which produce artificial smokeless fuel briquettes from coal fines.
The most common briquette technique used in this type of process is some form of roller press using only moderate pressure and a binder. This type of plant is also used to make all kinds of non-fuel briquettes from inorganic material such as metal ores. Various binders are used; one of the most common is lignin derived from paper-pulp manufacture.
The organic briquetting materials requires significantly higher pressures as additional force is needed to overcome the natural springiness of these materials. Essentially, this involves the destruction of the cell walls through some combination of pressure and heat. The need for higher pressures means that the briquetting of organic materials is inherently more costly than for inorganic fuels.
The use of various forms of organic briquetting seems to have been common both during World War I and during the '30s depression. The modern mechanical piston briquetting machine was developed in Switzerland based upon German developments in the '30s. Briquetting of sawdust and other waste material became widespread in many countries in Europe and America during World War 11 under the impact of fuel shortages. Parallel needs pushed the Japanese into refining the screw machine discussed below. After the War briquettes were largely squeezed out of the market by cheap hydrocarbon fuels.
The use of organic fuel-briquettes, mainly in industry, was revitalized during the period of high energy prices in the '70s and early '80s, especially in Scandinavia, the USA and Canada.
In Japan, briquetting seems to have been common until recently with widespread use of "Ogalite" fuel briquettes made from sawdust. The Japanese technology has spread to Taiwan and from there to other countries such as Thailand. Japanese, and later Taiwanese, briquetting has been based almost entirely upon the use of screw presses which, although originating in the USA, have been more widely adopted by Asian than European or American manufacturers. Such briquettes were widely used in Japan during the 50s as a substitute for charcoal which was then still a widespread fuel.
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